Italy+Timelines+Concerning+It

Soukaina Amira
 * Italian Revolution Timelines: (1815-1831) **

i. French rule of Italy. ii. Lots of political and social change. iii. Number of states reduced + wider economic and social contacts in peninsula and out. iv. Position of old aristocracy => weakened. v. Abolition of feudal taxes. vi. Educated middle class => responsibility in law and admin. vii. Middle class => benefit from French rule.
 * 1796: **

// i. Two Sicilies: // a. King Ferdinand => absolute ruler of Kingdom of Two Sicilies (clergy’s got his back) b. Unenlightened rule: Court & gov => corrupt. Many economic problems.
 * II. 1812: **

// i. Vienna Settlement: // a. Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Britain met in Vienna => saw this as dangerous. b. Believed Italy need protection from French ambition & libarlism and nationalism. c. Metternich => didn’t want disruption in his Empire. d. Vienna Settlement => included removing French influence & replacing it’s rule by Austria. e. Mazzini (Italian writer) => Vienna settlement took away Italian hopes. f. Vienna Settlement => 5 main groups of states in Italy g. Made complicated provisions for smaller duchies => they fell under control of bigger ones.
 * II. 1815: **

ii. Victor Emmanuel I => regained mainland positions in Sardinia (Savoy and Nice => his positions + Genoa)

// ii. Italy’s Socio-Economic State: // a. Italy => economically backward compared with Britain and France. b. Commerce => lost favour with nobility since 15th and 16th century. c. 90 percent of pop. => working the land => economy almost all based on agriculture. d. Pop. growth => 13 million in 1700 to 18 million in 1800 => not enough land for peasants. e. Farming methods => primitive & inefficient => semi-feudal cultivating methods. f. Feudal taxes => revived. g. Little industry. h. Mounts of Apennines => cut Italy into two from north to south => few good roads. i. Travel between states => not encouraged. j. Travellers => Jacobians. k. New rulers => restored custom barriers => made commerce difficult and costly. l. Po River => divided into 22 sections by customs points. m. Towns => society divided between => o. Most people continued to live in crowded & unsanitary conditions. p. Small and influential middle class => most obviously affected => lawyers and administrators lost work with French law of codes.
 * 1) professional middle class (lawyers, civil servants, writers, etc.)
 * 2) Financial middle class (bankers, merchants, industrialists, etc.)
 * 3) Workers (skilled craftsmen)
 * 4) Unproductive classes (beggars, road sweepers, criminals, etc.)


 * Causes of the Revolution: **


 * IV. 1815- ? : **

// i. Factors limiting Italy’s Progress post-1815: // a. Good deal of political apathy => carpe diem more important than politics => reisgned to their lot. b. Widespread illiteracy (in South particularly)//, poverty, ignorance, and superstition.// c. Loyalty to state and not Italy as a whole. d. Every language => difsferent in states. e. Ordinary people => different dialects. f. Roman Catholic church regained influence => clergy had a lot of local power. g. Church law => State law => imposed on everyone. h. Church => taught stifled economic, political, and intellectual developments. i. Influence of Austria => everywhere => network of family dependences and networks. j. Dukes of Tuscany and Modena and King of Piedmont-Saridnia => cousins to the emperor. k. Pope => looked to Austria for support. l. Naples & Tuscany => direct Alliance with Austria. m. Metternich => maintained an Austrian minister at each court & agents and informers. n. Major powers => after 1815 settlment => wanted to keep power as it was, didn’t care about injustices. o. Russia + Prussia: “Holy Alliance” with Austria => hated any idea of revolution.

// ii. New Attitudes and Ideas: // a. New reforms => educated middle class. b. Result of Napoleonic period & reactions put on Italy after 1815. __c.__ __Risorgimento__ of Italy => implied a “reborn” unified Italy => people who believed this were stuck between too beliefs: 1. nationalism => loyalty to the State => pride in shared background and only a united country can survive. 2. Liberalism: Belief that freedoms like though and speech and freedom from arrest and imprisonment without trial => important rights of men. d. Contrast => Liberalist were scene as radicals as they wanted a republic. eNationalists believe only a monarchy can maintain these rights. f. Both beliefs => people from Napoleonic times and era.

// iii. Spread of New Attitudes and Ideas: // a. Secret societies => adopted practices of freemasons. (codes, rituals, passwords) b. Difficult to estimate numbers involved => probably small. c. Membership => middle class + few nobles. d. North => Federati and Adelfi. e. Papal States => Spillo Negro, latinisti, and Bersaglieri. f. Carbonari => strong in south => 5 percent of adult male in Naples. g. Little co-ordination between groups. h. Most members => limited aims.

// i. Papal States: // Congregations in Papal States => abolished.
 * V. 1824: **


 * Results Of the revolutions of 1820-1821? **

i. Opposotion to Vienna Settlment (1815) => secretive underground movement. ii. Hard for would-be revolutionaries to spread and cause an uproar. iii. Disturbances : Not well planned to escape detection by secret police. iv.Papal States => struggle between liberal secret societies and Sanfedisti. v. People of secret societies => were exiled or “forced worked” schemes. vi. Two Sicilies & Piedmont-Sardinia => real trouble by liberalists.
 * I. 1815-1820: **

i. Rising in Macaerata in Papal States. ii. //Kingdom of Two Sicilies//: a. Austrian garrisons => withdrawn from Naples => law and order left to militia of volunteers. b. Militia => some were hostile to Ferdinand. c. Revolution in Spain => encouraged those that were happy.
 * II. 1817: **


 * III. 1820: **

// i. Kingdom of Two Sicilies: // a. Two strands to opposition of Ferdinand’s rule in South: b. Carbonari => hated influence of Austria and Ferdinand’s autocratic rule. c. Fall in agricultural prices => unemployment in city. d. Garrison at Nola => broke into revolt. e. General Guglielmo Pepe => organized new militia system => took control of :revolution” => let one infanty and two cavalry units on Naples => King was terrified.

// ii. Success of Revolt: // a. Ferdinand promises freedom of press & constitution based on the one in Spain => liberal one. b. Ferdinand => took oath to keep his word. c. Further trouble in Sicily => revolution led by trade guilds => wanted separation of Sicily and Naples. d. Riots broke out in Palermo => gov. offices => burned down. e. Talk of redistribution of land to peasants & reform of Church. f. Parliament had no sympathy => wanted Neapolitan domination.

// ii. Reasons for Failure of Revolution: // a. Naples revolution => middle-class affair. b. Leaders => didn’t want lower classes in new system of gov. c. Rev. => scared Ferdinand I and other powers but division of revolt and lack of pop. support => soon collapsed. d. Metternich => convinced Russia and Prussia (Troppau Congress) => rev. in one country => ripples in all of Europe.

i. January => Metternich invites Ferdinand to attend congress in Laibach => discuss dev. To his kingdom. ii. Ferdinand => went there => believed he was going to gain international recognition for new parlimanet and constitution => naïve. ii. Instead => sought Austrian support to get back all his power => Austrian army marches south. iv. Rebels defeated at Rieti on 7 March. v. By 24 March => old regime was restored.
 * IV. 1821: **

// vi. Piedmont Sardinia : // a. News of revolution in Naples => encouraged societies in North. b. Hoped to force Victor Emmanuel I to grant a constitution. c. Number of incidents as membership in these societies grew. d. “Sit-in” of students at University of Turin in Jan. => violently broken up by police. e. Aristocratic army officers => showed determination who wanted change. f. Liberal nobles and middle-class liberal revolutionaries joined => Alessandria’s fortresses were took over. g. Revolutionaries => strook fear into their ruler. h. Victor Emmanuel I => abdicated in favor of his brother Charles Felix => instead of listening to liberals and declaring war on Austria. i. Charles Albert => nephew => made regent => made proclamation and called j. Spanish Constitution of 1812 “law of the State”. k. Liberals => thought they won, but the proclamation had to be approved by Charles Felix. l. Return of Charles Felix => collapse of liberal hopes. m. Charles Albert => declared a rebel and exiled. n. Charles Felix => asked Metternich FOR MILITARY AID => Metternich sends troops => crushed revolutionary armies at Novara in April 1821.

// vii. Result of Failed Revolutions: // a. Kingdom of Two Sicilies: reprisals of supports of revolution => swift and harsh. b. People wee exiled or fled country => imprisonment, flogging, hanging, and executions => pusnishment. c. Metternich had to intervene because reprisals were so harsh. d. Piedmont-Sardinia => many people had to flee or were transported to Austrian prisons. e. All over Italy => liberalists were hunted down and there were heavy punishments.


 * 9.3 Why, and with what results, was there further unrest in Italy in 1831? **


 * I. 1830: **

// i. Disturbances In Modena and Parma: // a. Similar pattern than those of previous years. b. Led by middle class =< Modena => Enrico Misley (son of a university professor and practicing lawyer) => started it all. c. Parma => students started the rioting. d. Both wanted constitutional reform. e. Misley => WANTED CENTRAL Italian kingdom UNDER duke Frances iv OF Modena. f. Duke Francis IV => not a liberal but was interested in Misley’s plans => receive Camillo Manzini. g. Duke Francis => waited two days before revolution was due to start => arrested its leaders. h. Franics IV => traveled to Vienna for Austrian support => mistake. i. Liberals => brief moment of glory => rulers panicked. j. Duchess Marie-Louisa => followed Francis IV => provisional gov. established to rule the two states. k. Disturbances => fruitless => Francis IV returned with Austrian help => whooped their asses.

// ii. Papal States: // a. Middle class (again) who led the revolt. b. In Papal Legations => resented their loss of independence in 1815. c. Issue of Church domination of gov. => major complaint. d. Provisional government => established. e. No help from France or neighboring states => little chance of surviving. f. Disturbance in Papal States => showed France inaptitude in helping => “the blood of Frenchmen belongs to France alone”. g. Louis-Phillippe => if Pope carries out governmental reform => French => support him. h. Five-power conference in Rome => drew up a reform programme => secularization of administration. i. Liberals => too easily appeased => changes not fully carried out. j. January 1832 => Austrian forces came back and occupied Bologna. k. Papal administration => continued.


 * Recap: **


 * I. 1820’s and 1830: **

// i. Reasons Revolutions failed: // a. All revolutions were localized => local grievances were most important concerns. b. Revolutions => led by middle-classes => not violent, easily satisfied and tricked. c. None of rev. gained support from workers or peasants (didn’t want it). Peasants => happy to see rulers back or gone, same for them. d. e. Were ill-equipped => equipment couldn’t match those of Austrians. f. Failure of French to intervene on sides of revolutionaries after 1830 => allowed absolutism to survive. g. Revolutions => defeated by power of Austria.

i. Italy in 1831 = Italy in 1815. ii. None of the revolutions => successful. ii. Trade guilds => abolished. iv. Autrocarcy => re-established everywhere.
 * II. Change (or lack of it) In Italy: **

Few changes: h. Number of new rulers. (Francis I replaces Ferdinand I, then Ferdinand 2. New Pope, Geregory XVI). Not as conservative as previous rulers, but not liberal either. i. 1831: Great powers of Europe => not as unanimous about keeping things as they were in 1815. Interest in Italy of Prussia and Russia => dissipated after the years. Troubles in Greece => weakened Austro-Russian alliance => revival of French power => kept Austira in sect. j. Failure of secret societies => new ways of spreading the revolutions.