Italian+Unification+Timeline

Italian Unification Timeline Anissa S. Peters ð 1815 : Congress of Vienne, restores the European map to its old form.

ð 1820: Revolts took place in Napel, which were inspired by the revolution in Spain, which was successful in forcing the King to reestablish a liberal constitution. o Troppeau Protocol establish by Metternich. ð 1821: The revolts in Naples spread to Sicily. This resulted in a congress being called at Laibach. Ferdinand refused to have a constitution and turnd to the Austrians for help. o Revolts took place in Piedmont, which were to replace Victor Emmanuel I by Charles Felix. Charles Felix was not present at the time, hence Charles Albert was appointed regent and pronounced a constitution. However, this suggestion was declined by Charles Felix upon his return. Eventually, the Piedmontese revolts were defeated. ð 1830: The revolution in Paris overthrew Charles X and put an end to the house of Bourbon. ð 1831: Revolts in Moden but were defeated by Austrian troops. o Revolts in the Papal States but were defeated by Austrian and Papal troops. ð 1846: Pope Pius IX was elected. ð 1847: Many reforms were being issues, such as, free press, a civic guard, and Council of State. ð 1848: Revolts took plae in Sicily but were later defeated by troops. o The revolts spread to the mainland and King Ferdinand II was obliged to accord a constitution after Pope Pius IX refused to allow Austrian troops to cross into the Papal terriroty. ð March 1848: Metternich resigned from his position as Foreign Minister, meaning this would encourage more revolts. o The revolts spread to Lombardy and Venetia. o Pope Pius was unable to declare war on Austria considering his position at the head of the church, hence Charles Albert declared war. o Pope Pius did not accept the Papal Allocution. o Piedmontese troops were defeated but the war ended by an armistice in Salasco. o Pope Pius IX fled Rome and a revolutionary government was established. ð 1852: Cavour was appointed Prime Minister of Piedmont. ð 1854: Piedmont sent troops to help France and Britain in the Crimean War. ð 1856: Congress of Paris. ð 1858: Orsini Bomb Plot caused Napoleon III to take action. o He agreed to help Piedmont according to the Compact of Plombieres. ð 1859: War arranged with Austria. o Calm revolutions in Modena, Tuscany, and Parma. o The Austrians were defeated twice at Magenta and Solferino. o Napoleon III decided to make peace with Austria and Villafrance. o Piedmont received Lombardy and Venetia. ð 1862: Garibaldi led the attempt to capture Rome but was unsuccessfuly. ð 1866: Austro-Prussian war in which Italy received Venetia. ð 1867: Garibaldi’s second attempt to capture Roma but was stopped by the French. ð 1870: Franco-Prussian war, which caused the withdrawal of French troops in Rome. o Rome was then made the capital of Italy.

Kenza Mandri

Chronology of the Unification of Italy · 11832 o Giuseppe Mazzini (b. 1805 at Genoa) founds "Young Italy" (giovane Italia), a society to make propaganda for the unification of the Italian nation as a democratic and class-free republic: "Our problem is, above all things, a problem of national education", that is, of persuading the peoples of the peninsula and the islands of Italy to regard themselves as a single nation. · 11850-1851 o Giuseppe Garibaldi (b. 1807 at Nice), exiled from the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia (Piemonte-Sardegna), works as a candlemaker in a factory on Staten Island, New York. · 11859 o Francesco II succeeds his father Ferdinando II and becomes the last king of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. · 11860 o Garibaldi's Thousand cross from Sicily to the Kingdom of Naples on 19 August, and on October 1st overthrow Bourbon rule at the Battle of the Volturno, fought near Caserta. But the republican Garibaldi then surrenders southern Italy to the king of Piedmont-Sardinia. (The king's prime minister Cavour has ceded Nice and Savoy to France to win France's support for Piedmont-Sardinia's annexation of central Italy.) o At this time in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies there are only a hundred miles of railroad (There are no railroad tunnels), and 1621 of its 1848 villages have no roads. But the paternalistic Kingdom of the Two Sicilies had kept the national debt and taxes low; it had kept food cheap; and it had protected industry from foreign competition. These practices are to be reversed by the new regime; and the Piemontese will soon be more hated than Napoleon or the Bourbons ever were. o Before 1860 "Italy" had been the name of a peninsula: the patriotism of the Italians (like that of the classical Greeks) had been directed toward a single town, not a country; the people of Italy had not shared a common language, nor had most even known what the word "Italy" meant. Nine-tenths of Italians had been peasants, in the South forced to live in mountain villages by malaria and brigands, to walk miles to the fields and back every day, to be unemployed for many months of the year, and to go hungry: "to speak of an Italian people was to speak of a mass of illiterates brutalized by poverty and superstition" (Silone). o In the decades that follow 1861 nothing changes for the peasants, except that their taxes go higher and, at a certain level, they have new masters. A political revolution has united most of the Italian peninsula, but no social revolution has freed the peasants from the tyranny of landlords and the corruption of municipal administrators. · 11861 o On 17 March 1861 Vittorio Emanuele II, King of Piedmont-Sardinia, is proclaimed King of Italy "by grace of God and the will of the people". Italy is to be a constitutional monarchy, but the king and the constitution are Piemontese. o The population of Italy, excluding Papal Rome and Venetia (ruled by Austria until 1866), is 22 million, of whom 8 million live in the former Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, and of whom 17 million are illiterate. o Of the Kingdom of Italy's 22 million inhabitants one-half million are eligible to vote, and of that one-half million only 300,000 actually do vote. o Of Italian workers, 8 million are engaged in agriculture, and of the 3 million engaged in crafts and manufacture, most are women working part-time at home. In June Count Camillo di Cavour (b. 1810 at Turin), former prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia, first prime minister of the Kingdom of Italy, and the principal statesman behind the Risorgimento, the Unification (or, annexation to Piedmont-Sardinia) of Italy, dies. · 11861-1865 o Though a plebiscite claims to show 99 per cent approval by the people of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies for their annexation by Piedmont-Sardinia, half the army of the new Kingdom of Italy is needed to suppress rebellions there. More people die in this "civil war" than in all the other wars of the Risorgimento combined. · 11870 o Rome is made capital of the Kingdom of Italy, being annexed from papal rule after its French garrison is drawn away to the Franco-Prussian War. o The annexation of Rome, added to that of Venetia (from 1866), brings the population of the Kingdom of Italy to twenty-seven million, 220 thousand of whom live in Rome. · 11872 o Mazzini, faithful republican to the end, dies at Pisa on 10 March, illegally on Italian soil, an outlaw according to the Piemontese for attempting insurrection against the king.

Source: -Angelo, Robert W. Map of the 19th Century Unification of Italy under Piemontese Rule, showing the Route taken by Garibaldi's soldiers. Web. 09 Feb. 2010 A BEFORE AND AFTER ITALIAN UNIFICATION MAP.



Source: -"Italian Unification." Amit Mendelsohn - Creative and IT. Web. 11 Feb. 2010. . **//__ Map of the 19th Century Unification of Italy under Piemontese Rule, showing the Route taken by Garibaldi's soldiers __//**