Bismarck

= By M. Frot = = Bismarck leading to Unification = = Bismarck after unification =
 * · Denmark
 * Quarrel in northern Duchies of Schlewig Holstein in 1863
 * German speaking populations, ruled by Denmark when the Danish king died, uncertainty about the fate of those duchies : should they become German or stay under Danish control?
 * · Seven weeks war
 * Purpose was to break free from Austria
 * Prussian forces were victorious
 * Treaty of Prague
 * Took no Austrian lands, to Bismarck’s insistence
 * Annexed some lands of Austria’s allies in North Germany, forced the North German Confederation
 * · North German Confederation
 * Formed at Treaty of Prague
 * Followed Prussia’s success in 7WW, during which Northern/Southern German states united, through military treaties were signed.
 * Federal government, of which there was to be a chancellor chosen by the king. (him)
 * · Franco-Prussian war
 * South German states joined
 * Em’s Telegram
 * <span style="color: #e22a79; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">Prussia won.
 * · <span style="color: #e22a79; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">League of the Three Emperor : The Dreikaiserbund
 * · <span style="color: #e22a79; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Balkans crises
 * · **<span style="color: #e22a79; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Dual Alliances **** à ****<span style="color: #e22a79; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> triple alliance **

=** Bismarck’s three Wars **=

** || Ø <span style="color: #e22a79; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Austria and Prussia Ø <span style="color: #e22a79; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Denmark ||  Ø <span style="color: #e22a79; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Austria Ø Prussia
 * || ** Denmark ** || ** Seven Weeks War ** || ** Franco-Prussian War ** ||
 * ** Countries involved

|| Ø <span style="color: #e22a79; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">France Ø Austria

|| Ø <span style="color: #e22a79; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">New Danish monarch Christian IX decided to regulate situation in his country’’s favor Ø <span style="color: #e22a79; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Austria and Prussia united to fight Denmark ||  Ø <span style="color: #e22a79; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Purpose was to break free from Austria Ø <span style="color: #e22a79; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Balance of power between Austria and Prussia in German Confederation ||  Ø <span style="color: #e22a79; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Bismarck encouraged Wilhem’s nephew, Leopold of Hohenzollern to accept an offer to become King of Spain. There were French protests. Ø <span style="color: #e22a79; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">On July 12th of 1870, Leopold resigned. Ø <span style="color: #e22a79; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">French ambassador had an audience with king wilhem, at Ems so that he would guarantee he’d never try again. The latter refused. Ø <span style="color: #e22a79; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">King sent telegram to Bismarck, telling him about the meeting. Ø <span style="color: #e22a79; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Bismarck edited it, to make it look like King spoke angrily to ambassador, and sent it to the press. Ø <span style="color: #e22a79; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Provoked France and hence started the war. || Ø <span style="color: #e22a79; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">In Vienna settlement of 1864, King Christian IX renounced the two duchies. Ø <span style="color: #e22a79; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">In convention of Gastein, august 1865, Prussia took responsibility for Schleswig and Austria for Holstein ||  Ø <span style="color: #e22a79; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Prussian forces were victorious Ø <span style="color: #e22a79; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Treaty of Prague ü <span style="color: #e22a79; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Took no Austrian lands, to Bismarck’s insistence ü <span style="color: #e22a79; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Annexed some lands of Austria’s allies in North Germany, forced the North German Confederation - <span style="color: #e22a79; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Gained Hanover, Hesse-Cassel, Naussau, Frankfurt, Schleswig Holstein || Ø <span style="color: #e22a79; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Prussia won Ø <span style="color: #e22a79; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Northern + Southern states joined Ø <span style="color: #e22a79; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">German Empire proclaimed at a ceremony at Versailles, in 1871 Ø <span style="color: #e22a79; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">First Reich __> 1871 : UNIFICATION OF GERMANY__ ||
 * ** Dates ** || <span style="color: #e22a79; display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; text-align: left;">1863-1864 || 1866 || 1870-1871 ||
 * ** Causes ** || Ø <span style="color: #e22a79; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">German speaking population in Schleswig Holstein want to go to German Conf.
 * ** End result ** || Ø <span style="color: #e22a79; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Prussia and Austria won.

** Bismarck //after German// Unification ** **Dual Alliance :** Austria-Hungary and Germany alliance, against Russia. Italy joined, forming the TRIPLE ALLIANCE.
 * The League of the Three Emperors : ** Protecting Germany against any French aggression à Agreement between Austria-Hungary, Germany and Russia <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">B. relies on their common monarchical believes to prevent tensions
 * Aims : ** Protecting Germany against any French aggression à Agreement between Austria-Hungary, Germany and Russia <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">B. relies on their common monarchical believes to prevent tensions, and

** IV. Map ** As you can see Austria is excluded from the German Empire. **__Map retrieved from:__** http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/learning/bitesize/higher/history/images/empire_1871.gif
 * One must also note how big of a threat Germany posed to France :compare the sizes of the two countries, and the shared border. It was inevitable, after France’s defeat that another war should occur again.
 * Bismarck’s foreign policy focused on preserving the established German Empire.